We demonstrate the first generalized tabletop euv coherent microscope that can image extended, nonisolated, nonperiodic, objects. Coherent diffraction imaging cdi or coherent diffractive. Here we report on a form of imaging we term keyhole cdi, which can. Coherent xray imaging brookhaven national laboratory.
Introduction using the software plans and summary how to use dixe scale intensity apply. Use of a complex constraint in coherent diffractive imaging. Keyhole coherent diffractive imaging nature physics. This technique requires spatially coherent beams and eliminates imaging elements in the optical system by replacing them with a computerized phase retrieval algorithm. Xray coherent diffractive imaging cdi is currently under intensive development for a wide range of applications in the materials 1,2,3 and biological sciences 4,5, due in part to its ability to provide spatial resolution beyond the limits imposed by image forming optics 6. Xray coherent diffractive imaging cdi is currently under intensive development for a wide range of applications in the materials 1,2,3 and biological sciences 4,5, due in part to its ability to. The availability of thirdgeneration synchrotrons and ultimately xray freeelectron lasers1 is driving the development of many new methods of microscopy. The main topics that will be tackled are phasesensitive xray imaging, synchrotron xray tomography, coherent xray imaging methods with xray optics andor lensless and ultrafast time resolved imaging using fels. In situ coherent diffractive imaging yuan hung lo1,2, lingrong zhao1,3, marcus gallagherjones1, arjun rana1, jared j.
Here, we present a new approach to singleshot cdi that is based on immersing specimens in nanodroplets, henceforth referred to as droplet coherent diffractive imaging dcdi. Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a softxray freeelectron laser. In situ observation of dynamic electrodeposition processes. Dichroic coherent diffractive imaging article pdf available in proceedings of the national academy of sciences 10833. We show the complementary information provided by the phase and magnitude of the reconstructed wavefield greatly improves the quality of the resulting estimate of the transmission function of an object without the need for a priori information. Coherent diffractive imaging cdi allows for high resolution imaging without lenses. Coherent diffractive imaging is unique as the only route for achieving high spatial resolution in the extreme ultraviolet and xray regions, limited only by the wavelength of. Lcls, the worlds first hard xray laser, is leading a revolution in coherent xray imaging.
Fresnel coherent diffractive imaging fcdi is a relatively recent. Efficient coherent diffractive imaging for sparsely varying objects yoav shechtman,1, yonina c. Coherence and sampling requirements for diffractive imaging. Digital comprehensive summaries of uppsala dissertations from the faculty of science and technology 1451. Coherent diffractive imaging cdi is a lensless technique for 2d or 3d reconstruction of the. Citeseerx document details isaac councill, lee giles, pradeep teregowda. The camera consists of a laterally graded multilayer mirror, which reflects the diffraction pattern onto a ccd detector. Diffractive imaging using coherent xray light sources jianwei miao1, tetsuya ishikawa2, ian k.
In situ coherent diffractive imaging nature communications. Among the techniques which are currently being developed, coherent diffractive imaging cdi is emerging as one of the most promising, offering the potential of very high resolution lensless imaging of noncrystallographic samples. Scanning coherent diffractive imaging methods for actinic. With ability to provide a high resolution image in nanometre scale without the need of the optical lens, cdi has found a vast potential in many disciplines since this method overcomes the manufacturing limit of the xray optics. Index termsankylography, coherent diffraction imaging. Xray science and the australian synchrotron research program. Euv microscopy with a tabletop high harmonic generation. The modulus image was scaled to values in the range 0. Effectively, the objective lens in a typical microscope is replaced with software to convert from the reciprocal space diffraction pattern into a real. Coherence measurements and coherent diffractive imaging at. Highresolution scanning coherent xray diffraction microscopy. An improved ptychographical phase retrieval algorithm for. Wholecell phase contrast imaging at the nanoscale using. Pattern generation system npgs software and patterns.
Journal of applied crystallography 43, 15351539 2010. Dichroic coherent diffractive imaging pubmed central pmc. Lensless imaging is a relatively new coherent imaging technique that is complementary to zoneplate imaging 9. A powerful coherent diffractive xray imaging technique could enable next generation synchrotrons and freeelectron lasers to study much larger samples than previously thought possible. Citeseerx letters keyhole coherent diffractive imaging. Dramatic advances in coherent diffractive imaging cdi using light in the extreme. Coherent diffraction imaging lensless imaging eric welch, sara mohamed, ling zeng, weilun qin august 7, 2015. Coherent diffractive imaging of microtubules using an x. For the successful implementation of extreme ultraviolet euv lithography in the upcoming technol. Facing the phase problem in coherent diffractive imaging via.
John maio ucla, thomas earnest lbnl, david shapiro bnl, enju lima. We demonstrate use of a complex constraint based on the interaction of xrays with matter for reconstructing images from coherent xray diffraction. Bragg coherent diffractive imaging bcdi emerged recently as a powerful tool to probe the internal deformation. Image reconstruction from a single diffraction pattern has hitherto been possible only for small, isolated samples, presenting a fundamental limitation on the cdi method.
Coherence measurements and coherent diffractive imaging at flash i. Soft xray keyholecoherent diffractive imaging kcdi dynamic electrodeposition was monitored in situ through kcdi at. Ultramicroscopy 101 2004149152 coherence and sampling requirements for diffractive imaging j. Conventional experiments using cdi assume a perfectly coherent beam and utilize plane wave illumination of the sample. It has attracted a great deal of attention and interest owing to its unique.
Fresnel coherent diffractive imaging from periodic samples. The mirror acts as a bandpass filter for both the wavelength and the angle, which isolates the desired scattering pattern from nonsample scattering or incoherent emission. Diffractive imaging using coherent xray light sources nanowerk news in 1999, ucla professor john miao pioneered a technique called coherent diffractive imaging, or cdi, which allows scientists to recreate the 3d structure of noncrystalline samples or nanocrystals. Considerations for threedimensional image reconstruction from experimental data in coherent diffractive imaging. The epie has been compared to the parallel projection method and to the original pie method using simulated diffraction patterns. In 1999, ucla professor john miao pioneered a technique called coherent diffractive imaging, or cdi, which allows scientists to recreate the 3d structure of. Access to femtosecond dynamics in major physical, chemical, and biological processes requires singleshot diffraction data.
Coherent xray diffractive imaging is a powerful method for studies on nonperiodic structures on the nanoscale. The possibility to perform keyhole coherent diffraction experiments has been demonstrated also for electrons in edi, obtaining the kedi. Up to now, this has been limited to intense coherent pulses from a free electron laser. The short wavelength and element specific interaction of xrays with matter may be exploited to characterise. Researchers rapidly finding new applications for coherent. In cdi, the spatial resolution is not limited by the quality of the optical elements but. Shedding light on electrodeposition dynamics tracked in. The droplets serve as vehicles to deliver and localize the targets in the xray focus, define the sample support, and act as xray reference scatterers that provide an approximate solution to the phase problem. In keyhole coherent diffractive imaging kcdi, a beam is focused and the object is. Xray coherent diffraction imaging cdi methods have recently demonstrated impressive potential for characterizing such materials with a high spatial resolution and elemental sensitivity. Esrf lecture series on coherent xrays and their applications, lecture 7, malcolm howells sayre 1952 fundamentals of sampling the wave amplitude and wave intensity gerchberg and saxton 1972 first phaseretrieval algorithm successful on test data sayre 1980 idea to do crystallography with nonperiodic objects i.
In cdi, a highly coherent beam of xrays, electrons or other wavelike particle or photon is incident on an object the beam scattered by the object produces a. Fast xray detectors generate vast amounts of data such as the cxi detector at lcls, capable of recording 40tb a day. Cdi which requires overlapping diffraction patterns, keyhole cdi needs only. Coherent diffractive imaging using hhg nanoscale imaging is critical for progress in many areas, as we learn to master science and technology at the smallest dimensions. Hawk is a package for the analysis and phasing of diffraction patterns from single particle diffraction experiments. An alternative approach to nanoscale dichroic microscopy is resonant xray coherent diffractive imaging cdi, whereby the diffraction pattern formed by scattering a coherent xray beam from a sample is inverted numerically to form an image of the sample. Dmr 1548924 and the darpa pulse program through a grant from amrdec. Scanning coherent diffractive imaging methods for actinic extreme ultraviolet mask metrology patrick helfenstein, istvan mohacsi, rajendran rajeev, and yasin ekinci paul scherrer institute, reaktorstrasse 1, 5232 villigen psi, switzerland abstract. The achievement was extremely significant because although xray. Tabletop nanometer extreme ultraviolet imaging in an extended. Coherent diffractive imaging cdi for biological applications at nslsii. Soft xray keyholecoherent diffractive imaging kcdi dynamic electrodeposition was monitored in situ through kcdi at the sxri beamline of the australian synchrotron 31. Howellsb adepartment of physics and astronomy, arizona state university, tempe, az 852871505, usa blawrence berkeley laboratory, berkeley, ca 94720, usa received 3 september 2003.
Here we report the first experimental demonstration of this principle using the flash soft xray freeelectron laser. New xray imaging techniques that come under the general term coherent xray diffractive imaging will impose significant demands on the detector. Coherent x rays provided by the xray freeelectron laser fel have kindled strong interest in sophisticated diffraction imaging techniques. Generalized tabletop euv coherent diffractive imaging in a transmission geometry nist. Sayre proposed, following that observation, the idea of diffraction imaging of noncrystalline samples sayre, 1980. Highresolution imaging of lowatomicnumber chemical elements using electron microscopy is challenging and may require the use of high doses of electrons. The data were collected using ccdimageserver software developed at the aps. Generalized tabletop euv coherent diffractive imaging in a. The newly emerging technology of xray freeelectron lasers xfels has the potential to revolutionise molecular imaging. Among these techniques, coherent diffractive imaging cdi is one of the most promising, offering nanometrescale imaging of noncrystallographic samples. Xray coherent diffractive imaging cdi is currently under intensive development for a wide range of applications in the materials 1,2,3 and biological sciences 4,5, due in part to its ability to provide spatial resolution beyond the limits imposed by imageforming optics 6. Polycdi extends the capabilities of coherent diffractive imaging cdi, a lensless imaging technique that has been a mainstay for experiments observing matter on.
Fresnel coherent diffractive imaging or fcdi has been shown to be fast converging 23 as well as robust in the presence of partial coherence 24, 25, and has been used to image a malariainfected red blood cell 26. Keyhole coherent diffractive imaging article pdf available in nature physics 45. An intense 25 fs, 4 10 wcm2 pulse, containing 1012 photons at 32 nm wavelength, produced a coherent diffraction pattern from a nanostructured nonperiodic object, before destroying it at 60,000 k. Efficient coherent diffractive imaging for sparsely. Although directly illuminated ccds are currently being successfully used, the limitations they impose on dynamic range and readout speed will need to be addressed as the techniques mature. Xray free electron laser priority strategy program of mext, and the sentan of jst. First ultrafast diffraction image of a mimivirus, paving the way for new methods to image life. At nlcta, we exploit such techniques for the diagnosis of the density distribution of the intense electron beams typically utilized in an xray fel itself. May 1718, 2010 brookhaven national laboratory, bldg.
Coherent diffractive imaging cdi has been widely applied in the physical and biological. New coherent diffractive imaging techniques, such fresnel coherent diffractive imaging fcdi, allows quantitative phase information with exceptional dose efficiency, high contrast, and nanoscale. The workshop will be focused on recent advances and future prospects in imaging technologies and their applications. A novel xray camera assured single photon detection. Theory predicts that with an ultrashort and extremely bright coherent xray pulse, a single diffraction pattern may be recorded from a large macromolecule, a virus, or a cell before the sample explodes and turns into a plasma. Xfel singleparticle diffractive imaging pipeline involves recording singleshot diffraction patterns of the targetobject before the destruction due to ionization and coloumb explosion top, computational purification for expected singleparticle diffraction patterns, orientation determination, classification into 2d class averages, and the 3d merging of intensities in the. We describe a camera to record coherent scattering patterns with a softxray freeelectron laser fel. Femtosecond diffractive imaging with a softxray free. Coherent diffractive imaging cdi has been widely developed to study nanostructures, such as nanocrystals and biological samples. Lensless diffractive imaging using tabletop coherent high.
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